Income And Socioeconomic Status Based Differences

Income and socioeconomic status-based differences in test scores occur because of the environment in which students were raised and the ability of their parents, and contribute to racial differences because of the racial income gap. DeNavas-Walt and Proctor (2015), of the Census Bureau, reported that black and Hispanic households had incomes lower than average, while the income of Asian and white, non-Hispanic households was above average. This means that discrimination based on income and socioeconomic status is more likely to affect black and Hispanic students. Guryan, Hurst, and Kearney (2008) found that mothers with at least a college education spent an average of 4.5 hours more caring for children per week than those with a high†¦show more content†¦Parents in the highest income quintile spend an average of $9,000 per child per year on supplemental educational materials, while those in the lowest spend $1,300 (Greenstone, Looney, Patashnik, Yu, 2013). Standardized, mer it-based assessment also disadvantages minority and low socioeconomic status students because of its presentation as a measure of ability. The performance of both black and low socioeconomic status students depends upon the context in which the test is administered. If tests are presented as measures of ability, these students tend to perform lower than their more advantaged peers; if tests are presented as general non-diagnostic studies, they perform equally. As one of over 100 examples, when administered questions from the Graduate Record Examination under normal testing circumstances, low socioeconomic status students answered an average of 8.90 correctly, compared with 12.30 for their high socioeconomic status peers. When presented as a general laboratory study, the scores were 11.46 and 10.89, respectively (Croizet, 2008). Such differences arise due to social anxiety and stereotype threat, the fear of confirming the supposed inferiority of a social group (Croizet, 2008). This s core gap represents a form of institutionalized oppression because it prevents the mobility of a social group based solely on identity: High scores are necessary for secondary school performance and college entrance, while college is

The Impact of Technology on Marketing in Nigeria - 3073 Words

THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON MARKETING IN NIGERIA BY EMMANUEL OMOBHUDE IRABOR COMPUTERS AUCHI ABSTRACT With a few exceptions, available literature tends to uphold the view that technology has become a universally relevant concept in every business organization. Some argue that a consistent and positive relationship exists between Marketing and Technology. This paper therefore, proposes that with its effects on marketing, organizations and practitioner can create a symbiotic relationship between Marketing and Technology with the ultimate objective of sustaining or improving current marketing performances of these organizations. Our focus is to examine technology (ies) and it(s) effect on marketing activities and†¦show more content†¦Technology: As the method, process, system and skill that enable an organization to acquire, analyze and use the vast amount of data involved in managing its resources and customers. The technology needs to deliver the right information about the right customer at the right time so that the business can achieve its role in managing its resource s and customers effectively, and efficiently. b. Method: For the technology to be effective there is a need for an understanding of the values, attitudes and behavior of various customers, prospects and stakeholders in the marketing process. This will help the organization to focus on such areas as the effective retention and acquisition of business customers for its long-term benefits. c. Process: Everything should be in a series of actions directed to provide a clear and consistent process for managing customer relations needed to be developed and reviewed in the light of changing customer needs and requirements in modern times. d. Systems: The technology should be able to provide some interacting elements that will form a collective entity. The implementation of the plans and processes that will deliver the value proposition to customer in every transaction must be synchronized and coordinated. e. Skills: The skills expected should involve special ability to perform in a given task. Key elements such as organizational structure should support effective customer management, role identification, trainingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Hygeia Case Study735 Words   |  3 PagesWhat can Hygeia International do to create new revenue streams to take advantage of opportunities in Nigeria? To determine whether to venture into poultry production, retain current business position, or to use poultry production as a sales promotion tool to increase profit E. STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVES * Nigeria Expansion†¨ * Mass production of poultry using technology * Two to three years recovery of capital F. 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In Nigeria it trades under the name Guinness Nigeria and will be referred to as such from this point. Over the past few years Africa has been Diageo’s most dynamic growth region, delivering the highest proportion of its global growth. Guinness is by far Diageo’s largest brand in Africa accounting for over 30% of the region’s turnover and profits. Moreover in the last few years it has consistently delivered double digit growth. Nigeria overtook Ireland in 2007 as theRead MoreProblems and Prospects of Marketing6358 Words   |  26 PagesInternational Journal of Business and Management September, 2009 Problems and Prospects of Marketing in Developing Economies: The Nigerian Experience Sunday O. E. Ewah Alex B. Ekeng Department of Business Administration, Cross River University of Technology Ogoja Campus, Nigeria Tel: 80-5901-4300 Abstract The study takes a holistic view of some of the problems facing marketing in developing economies, such as low marketing education, preferences for foreign products and low patronage for non-essential productsRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On African Nation1353 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch like Nigeria but it does take a toll on the smaller nations and the large debtor nations. There are large amounts money being used in Africa for developments of mega projects. Ghana is the richest country in Africa, it obtained it independent after a few years later they had no foreign reserve. And which turned out to be a big waste. Africa has cheap labor available which has encourage inefficient agriculture and industrial practice that left the impoverished. The Republic of Nigeria population

Concept of the Labor Force Free Essays

Labor force Labor force is the total number of persons available to supply the labor for the production of economic goods and services. In other words, it is the total number of people of working age in a country who are able and willing by law to work. It is the active or working population and it comprises all persons who have jobs and those who are seeking for jobs in the labor market. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of the Labor Force or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are normally found between the age bracket of 18 to 65 years. Working population varies from one country to another. To be a member of the labor force, one must be of working age (18-65 years), be able-bodied, ie, not handicapped either. Mentally or physically, and must be willing to work. Persons that are not members of the labor force include: †¢ Children of school age (0-17 years) †¢ Elderly (above 65 years) †¢ The handicapped (either physically or mental) †¢ Persons even though they are able-bodied but are unwilling to work. Demand for Labor Demand for labor is the total number of workers employers are willing and ready to employ or hire at a particular time and at a given wage rate. The demand for labor is a derived demand, because labor is not required for its own sake but for what it can help produce. Factors affecting the demand of labor are: . The size of market: The size of the market for goods and services produced determines the demand for labor. The larger the market, ie, the greater the production of goods and services, the higher the demand for labor to produce the required goods and services. 2. Number of industries: The higher the number of industries that produces the needed good s and services, the higher the demand for labor 3. Wage rate of price of labor: The demand for labor by employers depends on the price at which labor is offered for sale (by workers). If labor is willing to take a low wage rate, the demand for labor will be high. 4. Availability of other factors of production: If other factors of production such as land and capital are available in large quantity to produce the required goods and services, there will be a corresponding high demand for labor. 5. Efficiency of labor: If the efficiency of labor is high, there would be high propensity for employers to engage more labor and vice versa. 6. Demand for goods and services: The demand for goods and services in a country can stimulate an increase in the demand for labor. 7. Nature of Industries: The nature o industries- whether it is capital-intensive or labor-intensive will determine the demand for labor. The labor-intensive industries will lead to high demand for labor. 8. State of employment: The state of employment determines the demand for labor. If the economy has reached full employment, there will be little or no demand for labor but if it is under-employment, there will be need to demand for more labour. Supply of Labor Supply of labor is the total number of people of working age offered for employment at a particular time and at a given wage rate. In other words, supply of labor can be referred to as the services of labor available in the labor market. Factors affecting the supply of Labor or size of Labor force are as follows: 1. Size of population of a country: The larger the population, the greater the number of labour to be supplied. 2. Official school leaving age: If the school leaving age is low, the proportion of labour force will be high. 3. Retirement age: The age of exit in public employment will determine the labor force. The older the age, the more the supply of labor and vice versa. 4. Pursuit of higher education: Many people in their pursuit of higher education, go beyond the official entry age into the labor force. 5. Age structure of the population: The structure of a country’s population is a significant determinant of the size of the labor force. The lower the dependent people, the higher the supply of labor force will increase in a country with a greater number of its people between the ages of 18 and 65 years. 6. Role of women in the society: In some societies, women are usually prevented from engaging in gainful employment because of religious belief, social and cultural factors and this affects the size of labor force. 7. Number of working hours and working days: The number of working hours per day and the number of working days in a week of year also helps to determine the supply of labor. 8. The number of disabled: When the number of disabled persons in high especially within the working population, the supply for labor will be low. 9. The number of people unwilling to work: There are certain number of able-bodied people who are also between the age bracket of 18 and 65 years but are unwilling to work. If their population is high, it will affect the size of supply of labor. 10. Migration: The rate of migration can also affect the size of labor force. If the rate at which the working population leaves a country is higher than rate at which people come in, it will lead to reduction in the supply of labor. 1. Trade union activities: The activities of trade union may also affect the supply of labor. For example, when a long period of training is imposed on a certain trade, this may discourage people from engaging in such trade or profession leading to a reduction in supply of labor. 12. Government Policies: Certain government policies can affect the supply of labor. E. g, sp ecific laws are made to exclude children and women from working in ministries. This can reduce the supply of labor to that are or field. 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Cultural Planning for Economic - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCultural Planningfor Economic Turn and Globalization. Answer: Introduction Cultural planning can be considered as an approach that supports the cultural turn that includes the positioning and marketing of the cities. The main aspect of cultural planning is to plan that how cities might work and survive in terms of new emerging economic turn and globalization. Cultural planning integrates the two different aspects, which are art and culture. Cultural planning is associated with the vitality, economies and ambience of the places for achieving the main objective. This essay will focus on discussing that what is cultural planning and how culture is a part of art and life of people. Paper will also discuss the strength, weakness, limitations and opportunities of the Penrith Citys Cultural Plan. What is Cultural Planning? Cultural planning is the very important element and potential aspect of the economic growth. Cultural planning can also be considered as the spinning wheel for cultural tourism. This is a new approach for regeneration of the cities and urban planning. This is a new approach of planning the cities by focusing on the cultural aspects. The idea of the creative city heralded form the 1990s that challenged the traditional ways of city planning, and the development planners turned towards art and culture as the tools for development. Therefore, cultural planning is considered as the approach that focuses on development of the city through developing the liveable and distinctive communities that can attract the huge amount of the capital and social investments. According to the term cultural planning is considered to be a coordinated way of that focuses on recognizing and developing the local cultural values customs, rituals, priorities, everyday life activities and beliefs (Stevenson, 2005 ). The changing definition of cultural planning has placed on the cultural heritage of the cities and economic benefits are recognized. The tangible and intangible aspects of the culture and arts are used to promote the place. Changing Definition of Cultural Planning All forms of creativity are integrated in cultural planning artistic and cultural aspects are integrated with economic and technological factors, which are mainly influenced by the changing definition of cultural planning. Cultural planning has been integrated in the influential cultural planning treaties that are specifically found in the literature of Australia (Stevenson, 2013). Arts have been used as the significant element in the revitalization of many cities and towns. The literature associated with cultural planning in Australia has been associated with reshaping the orientation, development, and popularity of cultural in the country. Charles Landry and John Montgomery in the year 2003 include the creative city approach to the local cultural policy (Stevenson, 2013). Including culture and arts is not the only objective of cultural planning of a city, but it also focuses on developing the eco-system, and natural habitats. Planning also supports the cultural and lifestyle develo pment for developing the cutting edge and artistic communities. With the cultural forms, the land and water resources are also integrated in planning. The studies have stated that culture is considered as the form of art and culture is also a process. The changing definition of cultural planning has also given rise to significant tension. The tension is between the goal of continuing to support traditional arts activities and organizations at the same time as arguing against the privileging of these forms and objects of creative practice (Stevenson, 2013, p. 13). The changing definition of cultural planning also requires focusing on intersectionality, as Australia is a country with great diversity. In the late 20th century cultural planning has been considered as cultural renaissance (Evans, 2002). Cultural Planning in Penrith Council Plan The major strength of the plan is that it recognizes the arts and culture of the Aboriginal people of Australia and considers them as the original owners of the land. The community plan recognizes the strength of the communities it is focusing on. According to the study of Markusen (2006), economic development planning is increasingly emphasizing on the human capital side of the growth equation, stressing on occupation in analysis and policy (Markusen, 2006, p. 3). Therefore, the strength of the plan lies in emphasizing the growth based on the human capital. The plan considers that people in the community are the partners in the cultural development of the city. The growth of the creative city and cultural development is also based on the development and improvement of the important cultural centers and natural resources (like Nepean River). Plan focuses on generating new jobs for the community people and significantly emphasizes on the development of the indigenous community. The weakness of the cultural planning could be evaluated in terms of lack of integration of technology in planning (Mills, 2003). The urban cultural planning need to implement the technology based strategies to meet the needs of the new urbanism movement. For the genius loci,of the Penrith City, new urbanism requires to create and restore the facilities of transport, housing, entertainment, education and economics (Mercer, 2006). The plan also offers the education and training opportunities for the local people, community groups, Aboriginal people and youth, which can be considered as the significant opportunity for financial development of the city. The opportunities can also be seen in the development of the infrastructure that can be considered as important for overcoming the political, moral and aesthetic shortcomings (Stevenson, 2013). The inclusive approach that this plan has is the inclusion of the marginalized groups, such as youth, migrants, indigenous, senior citizens, disabled and refugees. This is the best want to articulate the human capital and fulfilling the creative needs of the public investment (Markusen, 2006). Hetrotopia integrates the culture and society and the lands and resources are considered as the physical, social and economic landscapes. The recent decades have displayed the obsessive tendency towards the creative urban development (Kliger Cosgrove, 1999). Gentrification has become the process of developing the cities through the power of arts, generate consumption and attract more capital (Grodach, 2016). Creating the creative environment is specifically dependent on the arts and arts focuses on gentrification for the urban and neighborhood development. The triangular conflict is seen between the economic, political and environment thoughts. The sustainability of the creative cities has to be included in the current model of development and this sustainability can be achieved through indigenous culture and their inspiring visions. Political conflicts of the industrial society can be seen as the useful principle for cultural planning of the city. Conclusion This essay is focused on the concept of cultural planning. Cultural planning is a view and significant approach towards the development of the creative cities that focuses on the arts and culture of the place. Cultural planning uses the culture and art as the essential element of development planning. Paper discussed the strength and weakness of the Penrith Regional City. This essay also discussed the various concepts associated with cultural planning. Bibliography Evans, G., 2002.Cultural planning: an urban renaissance?. Routledge. Grodach, C., 2016. Arts, gentrification, and planning for creativity.Carolina Planning Journal,41, pp.22-29. Kliger, B., Cosgrove, L. (1999). Local cross-cultural planning and decision-making with indigenous people in Broome, Western Australia.Ecumene,6(1), 51-71. Markusen, A., 2006, November. Cultural planning and the creative city. Inannual American Collegiate Schools of Planning meetings, Ft. Worth, TX. Mercer, C., 2006. Cultural planning for urban development and creative cities.Unpublished manuscript. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://www.kulturplan-oresund.dk/pdf/Shanghai_cultural_planning_paper.pdf Mills, D., 2003. Cultural planningpolicy task, not tool.Artwork Magazine,55, pp.7-11. Stevenson, D., 2013.Cities of culture: A global perspective(Vol. 111). Routledge. Stevenson, D., 2005. Cultural planning in Australia: Texts and contexts.The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society,35(1), pp.36-48.